A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in Texas
August 24, 2023
A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in Kentucky
August 31, 2023
A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in Washington
Edward Timmons[1], Conor Norris1, and Noah Trudeau1,[2]
1: Knee Center for the Study of Occupational Regulation, West Virginia University
2: Troy University, Alabama
Occupational licensing makes it illegal to work in an occupation before meeting state-mandated entry requirements that often include minimum levels of education and training, paying fees to the state, and passing exams. Nationally, 21% of workers are licensed.[1]
Licensing requirements for the same profession vary significantly across states. The 2023 State Occupational Licensing Index (SOLI) ranks states by the number of occupations that are licensed.[2] The SOLI database focuses on 331 occupations that are available in the Knee Center licensing database.[3]
Washington’s SOLI ranking
In the 2023 SOLI, Washington ranks 5th nationally (with 1st being the most burdensome). Washington makes it illegal to work in 197 of the 331 occupations examined. This is more than 15 more occupations than the national average of 179 and 50 more than Kansas—the state with the fewest legal barriers (147) to working nationally.
Uniquely licensed occupations in Washington
Among the 197 occupations that Washington establishes minimum entry requirements to begin working, there are 27 occupations that are licensed in 20 states or fewer nationally. Table 1 provides a full list of these occupations and there is also a separate excel file with full details for interested readers.
Washington is one of only 2 states in the country to license ocularists and certified engineering geologists. The state is also one of only 4 states to license certified prevention professionals and one of 9 states to license hypnotherapists.
Table 1: Uniquely licensed occupations in Washington
| Occupation | Total States |
| Ocularist | 2 |
| Certified Engineering Geologist | 2 |
| Certified Prevention Professional (CPP) | 4 |
| Osteopathic Physician Assistant | 5 |
| Eastern Medicine Practitioner | 6 |
| Manicurist Apprentice | 6 |
| Psychotherapy /Hypnotherapist | 9 |
| Professional Fighting Referee | 10 |
| Animal Control Officer | 11 |
| Plumbing Apprentice | 11 |
| Surgical Technologist | 11 |
| Cemetery Salesperson | 12 |
| Dialysis Technician | 14 |
| Professional Fighting Announcer | 14 |
| Certified Real Estate Evaluator | 15 |
| Gas Fitter | 15 |
| Orthotist | 15 |
| Professional Wrestler | 15 |
| Paraprofessional Certification/Teacher’s Aide | 16 |
| Prosthetist | 16 |
| Milk Weigher/Sampler | 16 |
| Investment Advisor | 17 |
| Pyrotechnic Operator | 17 |
| Body Piercing Artist | 18 |
| Optician Apprentice/Trainee | 18 |
| Sanitarian Trainee/Aide | 19 |
| Behavior Analyst Assistant | 20 |
Sources: State Occupational Licensing Index 2023 Master File and Knee Center Occupational Licensing Database.
Why Licensing Reform is Important
By making it illegal to work in more than 195 occupations, and uniquely licensing at least 28 occupations, Washington is imposing significant cost on its citizens.
Existing economic research suggests that occupational licensing raises prices by as much as 16%.[4] Licensing also reduces employment by as much as 27% by making it more difficult to begin working in licensed professions.[5] Nationally, it is estimated that occupational licensing results in 2 million fewer jobs being created each year.[6]
Although licensing may have historically resulted in some benefits to consumers[7], there is little evidence that it is helping consumers in the present. Recent work finds little evidence that occupational licensing is improving the quality of services provided to consumers in the US and Europe.[8]
In summary, Washington currently places unique restrictions on its citizens to begin working. These restrictions are very costly and generate little to no measurable benefits for consumers. Following the lead of the majority of other states and choosing less restrictive ways to regulate and protect consumers would be in the best interest of Washington citizens.
[1] Data on certifications and licenses (CPS), Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/cps/certifications-and-licenses.htm, January 25, 2023.
[2] Noah Trudeau and Edward Timmons. State Occupational Licensing Index 2023. Archbridge Institute, https://www.archbridgeinstitute.org/state-occupational-licensing-index-2023/, March 20, 2023.
[3] https://csorwvu.com/
[4] President Obama White House, Occupational Licensing: A Framework for Policymakers, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/licensing_report_final_nonembargo.pdf, July 2015.
[5] Peter Blair and Bobby Chung, (2019), How Much of Barrier to Entry is Occupational Licensing?. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 57: 919-943
[6] Evgeny Vorotnikov and Morris Kleiner, (2018), At What Cost? State and National Estimates of the Economic Costs of Occupational Licensing., Institute for Justice, https://ij.org/report/at-what-cost/#:~:text=By%20a%20conservative%20measure%20of,reach%20%24184%20billion%20or%20more.
[7] D. Mark Anderson, Ryan Brown, Kerwin Kofi Charles, and Daniel I. Rees, (2020), Occupational Licensing and Maternal Health: Evidence from Early Midwifery Laws., Journal of Political Economy, 128(11): 4337-4383.
[8] Morris Kleiner and Maria Koumenta (Eds.). (2022). Grease or grit? International case studies of occupational licensing and its effects on efficiency and quality. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
