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A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in South Dakota

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A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in South Dakota

A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in South Dakota

Edward Timmons1, Conor Norris1, and Noah Trudeau1,2

1: Knee Center for the Study of Occupational Regulation, West Virginia University

2: Troy University, Alabama

 

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Occupational licensing makes it illegal to work in an occupation before meeting state-mandated entry requirements that often include minimum levels of education and training, paying fees to the state, and passing exams. Nationally, 21% of workers are licensed.[1]

Licensing requirements for the same profession vary significantly across states. The 2023 State Occupational Licensing Index (SOLI) ranks states by the number of occupations that are licensed.[2] The SOLI database focuses on 331 occupations that are available in the Knee Center licensing database.[3]

South Dakota’s SOLI ranking

In the 2023 SOLI, South Dakota ranks 39th nationally (with 1st being the most burdensome). South Dakota makes it illegal to work in 167 of the 331 occupations examined. This is 12 less occupations than the national average of 179, but 20 more than Kansas—the state with the fewest legal barriers (147) to working nationally.

Uniquely licensed occupations in South Dakota

Among the 167 occupations that South Dakota establishes minimum entry requirements to begin working, there are 9 occupations that are licensed in 20 states or fewer nationally. Table 1 provides a full list of these occupations and there is also a separate excel file with full details for interested readers.

South Dakota is one of only 5 states in the country to issue a separate license for land abstractors. South Dakota is also one of only 11 states to license irrigation contractors and one of 16 states to license milk samplers.

Table 1: Uniquely licensed occupations in South Dakota

Occupation Total States
Land Abstractor 5
Dental Radiographer 7
Irrigation Contractor 11
Plumbing Apprentice 11
Nail Technician Apprentice 13
Dialysis Technician 14
Chiropractor Assistant 15
Paraprofessional/Teacher’s Aide 16
Milk Weigher/Sampler 16

Sources: State Occupational Licensing Index 2023 Master File and Knee Center Occupational Licensing Database.

 

Why Licensing Reform is Important

By making it illegal to work in 167 occupations, and uniquely licensing at least 9 occupations, South Dakota is imposing significant cost on its citizens.

Existing economic research suggests that occupational licensing raises prices by as much as 16%.[4] Licensing also reduces employment by as much as 27% by making it more difficult to begin working in licensed professions.[5] Nationally, it is estimated that occupational licensing results in 2 million fewer jobs being created each year.[6]

Although licensing may have historically resulted in some benefits to consumers[7], there is little evidence that it is helping consumers in the present. Recent work finds little evidence that occupational licensing is improving the quality of services provided to consumers in the US and Europe.[8]

In summary, South Dakota currently places unique restrictions on its citizens to begin working. These restrictions are very costly and generate little to no measurable benefits for consumers. Following the lead of the majority of other states and choosing less restrictive ways to regulate and protect consumers would be in the best interest of South Dakota citizens.

 

Download Excel Database

Download PDF Version


[1] Data on certifications and licenses (CPS), Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/cps/certifications-and-licenses.htm, January 25, 2023.

[2] Noah Trudeau and Edward Timmons. State Occupational Licensing Index 2023. Archbridge Institute, https://www.archbridgeinstitute.org/state-occupational-licensing-index-2023/, March 20, 2023.

[3] https://csorwvu.com/

[4] President Obama White House, Occupational Licensing: A Framework for Policymakers, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/licensing_report_final_nonembargo.pdf, July 2015.

[5] Peter Blair and Bobby Chung, (2019), How Much of Barrier to Entry is Occupational Licensing?. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 57: 919-943

[6] Evgeny Vorotnikov and Morris Kleiner, (2018), At What Cost? State and National Estimates of the Economic Costs of Occupational Licensing., Institute for Justice, https://ij.org/report/at-what-cost/#:~:text=By%20a%20conservative%20measure%20of,reach%20%24184%20billion%20or%20more.

[7] D. Mark Anderson, Ryan Brown, Kerwin Kofi Charles, and Daniel I. Rees, (2020), Occupational Licensing and Maternal Health: Evidence from Early Midwifery Laws., Journal of Political Economy, 128(11): 4337-4383.

[8] Morris Kleiner and Maria Koumenta (Eds.). (2022). Grease or grit? International case studies of occupational licensing and its effects on efficiency and quality. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.

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Alicia Plemmons
Alicia Plemmons

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Over One in Five

Estimates suggest that more than one in five workers (approximately 22%) in the United States is directly impacted by occupational regulation, a percentage that has grown from 5% in the 1950s.

Research Conferences

In addition to developing a national database of occupational regulation that is freely available to the public, the Knee Center also organizes panels at national research conferences and prepares research reports on the subject.

Licensing Reform

The Knee Center supports the establishment of a framework for licensing reform that encourages a thoughtful approach to licensing and results in a regulatory environment that better serves the public interest.

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